Disfunción urinaria en la enfermedad de Parkinson: una revisión práctica / Urinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a practical review

Resumen La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es una enfermedad multisistémica de naturaleza neurodegenerativa, que clínicamente se caracteriza por presencia de síntomas motores como bradicinesia, rigidez, temblor en reposo e inestabilidad postural. Sin embargo, también pueden estar presentes síntomas no motores que constituyen trastornos del ánimo, trastornos del sueño, disfunción cognitiva o disfunción autonómica. Dentro de las disfunciones autonómicas, los síntomas urinarios se han documentado en los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson. Los síntomas urinarios más comunes son la nicturia, urgencia urinaria, aumento de la frecuencia miccional e incontinencia de urgencia. El presente artículo hace una revisión narrativa de la literatura actual sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la disfunción urinaria en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative multisystemic diseases, which is clinically characterized by the presence of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. However, non-motor symptoms constituting mood disorders, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, or autonomic dysfunction may also be present. Within autonomic dysfunctions, urinary symptoms have been documented in patients with Parkinson's disease. The most common urinary symptoms are nocturia, urinary urgency, increased urinary frequency, and urge incontinence. This article makes a narrative review of the current literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of urinary dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Complicaciones neonatales asociadas al diagnóstico de corioamnionitis histológica en pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo en un hospital de alta complejidad en Colombia / Neonatal complications associated with the diagnosis of histological chorioamnionitis in patients with spontaneous preterm delivery in a highly complexity hospital in Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: La corioamnionitis histológica (CH) es causa importante de parto pretérmino y se asocia a resultados neonatales adversos, con secuelas del neurodesarrollo. Ocurre en alrededor de un 20% de embarazos a término y 60% de pretérmino. Este proceso está asociado a varias complicaciones neonatales, entre las más frecuentes: sepsis neonatal temprana, menor edad gestacional y mayor estancia hospitalaria. OBJETIVO: Establecer la asociación de complicaciones neonatales con el diagnóstico de CH en pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo en un hospital de alta complejidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, se incluyeron 160 pacientes con parto pretérmino espontáneo con estudio histopatológico de la placenta según protocolo institucional. Se recolectan las características basales de la gestante y complicaciones neonatales. Se calcula la prevalencia de CH, y se comparan dos grupos (con y sin) la asociación de complicaciones neonatales, distribuidas por edad gestacional y peso neonatal. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CH es de 69% (IC95%: 61-76). Al distribuir por edad gestacional se reporta: 87% en 34 (IC 95%: 45 -67). La CH entre las 28 - 34 y > 34 semanas, se asocia a mayor sepsis neonatal temprana (p 2000 g se asocia con sepsis neonatal (p<0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de CH es alta, principalmente a menor edad gestacional, se asocia a complicaciones neonatales como la sepsis neonatal temprana.

INTRODUCTION: Histological chorioamnionitis (HC) is an important cause of preterm delivery and is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, with sequelae of neurodevelopment. It occurs in about 20% of full-term and 60% preterm pregnancies. This process is associated with several neonatal complications, among the most frequent: early neonatal sepsis, younger gestational age, and longer hospital stay. OBJECTIVE: To establish the association of neonatal complications with HC diagnosis in patients with spontaneous preterm delivery in a highly complexity hospital in Colombia. RESULTS: The prevalence of HC is 69% (95% CI: 61-76). When distributed by gestational age, it is reported: 87% in 34 (95% CI: 45-67). HC between 28 - 34 and > 34 weeks, is associated with higher early neonatal sepsis (p 2000 g is associated with early neonatal sepsis (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HC is high, mainly at a lower gestational age, it is associated with neonatal complications such as early neonatal sepsis.

Vivencias y expectativas de los actores sociales partícipes en evaluación del desarrollo psicomotor, en relación a las escalas EEDP y TEPSI utilizadas en la Araucanía, Chile, durante los años 2017-2018 / Vivências e expectativas dos acionistas sociais partícipes na avaliação do desenvolvimento do psicomotor, em relação às escalas EEDP e TEPSI usadas no Araucania, Chile, durante o ano 2017-2018 / Experiences and expectations of the social actors participating in the evaluation of psychomotor development, in relation to the EEDP and TEPSI scales used in la Araucania, Chile, in 2017-2018

Resumen: En Chile, la Escala de Evaluación del Desarrollo Psicomotor (EEDP) y Test de Desarrollo Psicomotor (TEPSI) son herramientas no actualizadas, que carecen de confiabilidad y validación internacional conocida; por ello se hace necesario analizar el proceso evaluativo desde los actores de salud y educación, Enfermeras y Educadoras de párvulos respectivamente. El objetivo fue develar las vivencias de estos actores sociales, partícipes en el proceso evaluativo del desarrollo psicomotor en menores de tres años, según determinantes sociales. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo exploratorio, basado en la fenomenología de Alfred Schütz, realizado en siete informantes claves, cinco enfermeras y dos educadoras de párvulos, por medio de la entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se circunscribió a transcripción, codificación, agrupamiento en categorías y síntesis. Se develan las metacategorías: A: Dilemas e incertidumbres por nudos críticos y categorías intermedias: a) Brecha entre políticas públicas y realidad local, no favorece el desarrollo de los niños, b) Instrumentos desactualizados y descontextualizados, c) Mitos y expectativas de los padres frente a la evaluación, d) Instrumentos sin pertinencia social; y B: Expectativas y categorías intermedias: a) Actualización del marco político para un avance continuo y efectivo, b) Incorporación y empoderamiento de los padres en el proceso, c) Capacitación y perfeccionamiento de profesionales. Se concluye que es necesario la actualización de las estrategias evaluativas y disponer de instrumentos validados, actualizados, con pertinencia social y que consideren a los padres

Resumo: No Chile, as Escala de Avaliação do Desenvolvimento Psicomotor (EEDP) e Teste de Desenvolvimento Psicomotor (TEPSI) não são ferramentas atualizadas, que carecem de confiabilidade e validação internacionalmente conhecidas, por essa razão, é necessário analisar o processo de avaliação dos atores de saúde e educação, enfermeiros e educadoras de creches, respectivamente. Lo objetivo foi revelar as experiências dos atores sociais participantes, enfermeiros e educadoras de creches, no processo de avaliação do desenvolvimento psicomotor em crianças menores de 3 anos, segundo os determinantes sociais. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo exploratório baseado na fenomenologia de Alfred Schütz, realizado em 7 informantes-chave, 5 enfermeiros e 2 educadoras de creches, por meio de entrevista semiestruturado. A análise foi limitada à transcrição; codificação; agrupamento em categorias e síntese. Dilemas e incertezas de nós críticos e categorias intermediárias: a) lacuna entre política pública e da realidade local, não favorece o desenvolvimento das crianças, b) instrumentos desatualizados e, c) Mitos descontextualizadas e expectativas dos metacategorias são revelados os pais na frente da avaliação, d) Instrumentos sem relevância social; e B: Expectativas e categorias intermediárias: a) Atualização do arcabouço político para o progresso contínuo e efetivo, b) Incorporação e empoderamento dos pais no processo, c) Treinamento e aperfeiçoamento dos profissionais. É necessário atualizar as estratégias de avaliação e validar instrumentos atualizados e de relevância social que considerem os pais

Abstract: In Chile, the Psychomotor Development Evaluation Scale (EEDP in Spanish) and the Psychomotor Development Test (TEPSI in Spanish) are outdated tools that lack international reliability and validation. It is necessary to analyze the evaluation process from the point of view of the health and education professionals, that is, nurses and early childhood educators. The purpose was to reveal the experiences of these actors in the evaluation process of psychomotor development in children under three years of age, according to social determinants. This is a qualitative exploratory study based on the Alfred Schütz phenomenology, carried out in seven key informants, five nurses and two educators, through semi-structured interviews. The analysis was limited to transcription, coding, grouping into categories and synthesis. The meta categories revealed are: A: Dilemmas and uncertainties by critical nodes and intermediate categories: a) The gap between public policies and local reality does not favor the development of children, b) Outdated and decontextualized instruments, c) Myths and expectations of the parents regarding the evaluation, d) Instruments without social relevance; and B: Expectations and intermediate categories: a) Political framework update for continuous and effective progress, b) Parents incorporation and empowerment in the process, c) Professionals training and improvement. It was concluded that it is necessary to update the evaluation strategies and have validated, updated and socially relevant instruments that include the parents

Relación entre el piso del seno maxilar y las raíces de las piezas posteriores superiores, mediante tomografía computada / Relationship between maxillary sinus floor and the posterior upper teeth roots, by means of computed tomography

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la frecuencia con que las raíces de premolares y molares superiores se encuentran dentro del seno maxilar. Conocer la relación entre dichas estructuras es importante para planificar los procedimientos endodónticos y quirúrgicos a ser realizados en esa región. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó el análisis cualitativo dinámico de 82 tomografías computadas de haz cónico (CBCT) unilaterales, analizándose 738 raíces correspondientes a premolares y molares de una sola hemiarcada superior. Se utilizó sala con iluminación controlada y la observación fue realizada por un solo examinador. El criterio de inclusión requería que la cortical inferior del seno maxilar debía ser visible para poder establecer la relación. Se utilizaron los tres planos tomográficos de visualización, permitiendo ajustes de brillo y contraste. La escala de clasificación de cada raíz consideró su relación como: dentro o fuera del seno maxilar. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y Test Exacto de Fisher. Resultados: el primer premolar superior mostró una proyección hacia el interior del seno maxilar significativamente menor que las otras piezas dentarias posteriores (p>0.05), observándose su raíz vestibular sin proyección. La raíz palatina del primer premolar superior mostró la mayor incidencia dentro del seno maxilar, con un 39,02% del total de las raíces analizadas (p<0,05). El segundo molar superior mostró considerable proximidad con el seno maxilar, pero con menor incidencia con relación a la raíz palatina del primer molar. Conclusión: los procedimientos endodónticos o quirúrgicos a realizarse en cercanía al seno maxilar deben considerar siempre la relación raíz/seno, para evitar maniobras que lo invadan. La raíz palatina del primer molar superior mostró la mayor incidencia dentro del seno maxilar, con un 39,02% (AU)

Evaluación de impacto de la intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros para la prevención de accidentes domésticos durante la primera infancia / Impact assessment of the Safe Environment Intervention Module for prevention of domestic accidents during early childhood

Resumen El impacto de la intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros contra los accidentes domésticos que sufren niños durante la primera infancia fue evaluado a través de visitas domiciliarias en las cuales se valoró el nivel de riesgo de accidentes domésticos y la calidad del contexto inmediato de desarrollo temprano de los niños, antes y después de la intervención, en dos grupos. Se conformó un grupo intervención de 29 cuidadoras y un grupo control de 18 participantes que fueron seleccionadas según su disponibilidad para ser visitadas en sus hogares y para participar en la intervención. Los resultados mostraron que la intervención mejoró la calidad del contexto inmediato del desarrollo temprano de los niños en su dimensión interacción, y disminuyó la conducta de dejar solos a los niños en casa. Al finalizar, las participantes manifestaron un alto grado de satisfacción con la intervención Módulo Ambientes Seguros.

The Safe Environment Intervention Module for the prevention of domestic accidents in early childhood was assessed using home visits to test its effects on the level of risk of domestic accidents, as well as the quality of the immediate context of early child development. The intervention was developed in four sessions in which 29 caregivers participated. They self-reported their satisfaction at the end of the intervention. A control group with 18 caregivers was formed according to their availability. The results showed that the intervention improves the quality of the immediate context of early child development in their interactive dimensions, and reduces the behaviour of leaving children alone at home. Participants were highly satisfied with the Safe Environment Intervention Module.

Condiciones del contexto educativo para ejercer el rol docente en Ciencias de la Salud: un enfoque cualitativo / The educational context to train health care professionals: a qualitative approach

Background: There are differences in the educational context in Health Sciences, between clinical and non-clinical teachers. Therefore, the didactic and reflexive peculiarities of both educational scenarios should be analyzed. Aim: To describe the conditions of the educational context in Health Sciences for the practice of the teaching role in a Chilean university. Material and Methods: Qualitative study, performed according to Grounded Theory of Strauss and Corbin. Thirty one teachers from six health sciences programs were selected according to Patton's maximum variation criterion and contacted personally, after an informed consent process. Semi-structured interviews and focus group were performed, analyzed by open coding, using the constant comparison method, with the Atlas-ti 7.5.2 software. Results: Six conditions of the educational context that can support the teaching role in these careers emerged. Namely, a clinical field suited for patient attention and teaching, classrooms designed for the new educational models, number of students in the classrooms and clinical settings, insertion programs for teachers' training, teachers' coordination and economic resources of the program. Conclusions: Health Sciences programs are developed in a complex educational context, having to articulate diverse elements to train professionals. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the conditions of the educational context that can favor the practice of the teaching role, thus generating improvements in teaching-learning process.

Paciente con enfisema severo: ¿Combinado con fibrosis? / Patient with severe emphysema Combined with fibrosis?

Se presenta un paciente masculino, de 67 años, residente en la provincia de La Rioja, quien concurre al Servicio de Neumonología del Hospital Vera Barros. Ex fumador importante (60 p/y hasta hace 5 años), trabajó en curtiembre y con forrajes. Consultó por disnea de esfuerzo grado III en la escala modificada del Medical Researh Council (mMRC) y tos seca de 3 o 4 años de evolución. Estos síntomas se agudizaban 3 o 4 veces al año y requerían medicación que no podía precisar

Isolation and characterization of yeasts from fermented apple bagasse as additives for ruminant feeding

Abstract Solid-state fermentation can be used to produce feeds for ruminants, which can provide an enriched population of yeasts to improve ruminal fermentation. Fermentation of apple bagasse was performed to obtain a yeast-rich product, with the objective of isolating, identifying, and characterizing yeast strains and testing their capability to enhance in vitro ruminal fermentation of fibrous feeds. Yeasts were isolated from apple bagasse fermented under in vitro conditions, using rumen liquor obtained from cannulated cows and alfalfa as a fibrous substrate. A total of 16 new yeast strains were isolated and identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The strains were designated Levazot, followed by the isolate number. Their fermentative capacity was assessed using an in vitro gas production method. Strain Levazot 15 (Candida norvegensis) showed the greatest increase in gas production (p < 0.05) compared with the yeast-free control and positively affected in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters of alfalfa and oat straw. Based on these results, it was concluded that the Levazot 15 yeast strain could be potentially used as an additive for ruminants consuming high-fiber diets. However, further studies of effects of these additives on rumen digestion, metabolism, and productive performance of ruminants are required.

Factores que afectan al ambiente educativo en la formación preclínica de medicina según sus docentes / Factors affecting the educational environment in undergraduate medical schools

Background: Educational environment has an important effect on the quality of learning and student satisfaction in medicine. Most of previous studies have been conducted using questionnaires that assess the phenomenon considering overall dimensions, without paying attention to the specific manifestations of this topic, especially those aspects that are related to the protagonists of the learning process: teachers and students. Aim: To describe factors that affect the educational environment in the preclinical Medical formation, according to Medical teachers in Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: Qualitative study, using the Grounded theory method. Semi-structured interviews were performed to 10 medical teachers in Concepcion, Chile. They were selected by theoretical sampling. Data were analyzed using open coding. Results: Four emerging categories about the factors that affect the learning environment were identified: Personal factors of students, academic factors of students, personal factors of teachers and academic factors of teachers. Conclusions: According to interviewed teachers, both personal factors in teachers and students that promote a positive learning environment are related with an attitude oriented towards others and communication skills. Academic factors are related with the responsible exercise of student and teacher roles and with the promotion of participation in the educational process.

Abordaje endonasal endoscópico para neoplasias malignas de la base craneal / Endonasal endoscopic approach for malignant cranial base neoplasm

Introduction: Malignant cranial base neoplasm constitutes a heterogeneous group of lesions with common seat in this localization. In the last years endonasal endoscopic approach has been more used. Methods: It was carried out a descriptive retrospective study of the database of the Service of Neurosurgery of "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Hospital between September 2009 and September 2015 with the objective of determining the results of endoscopic treatment to these lesions. Results: They were treated a total of 12 patients with wicked lesions of the cranial base inside. Six of them corresponded to anterior cranial base: 5 carcinomas (2 indiferenciate carcinoma, 2 carcinomas of scamous cells and 1 adenocarcinoma) and a metastases of renal carcinoma. Other six corresponded to cordoma (3 patients) and hematopoyetic neoplasm (2 plasmocitomas and 1 linfoma). The age average was of 51,1 years with a masculine-feminine relationship of 1,1:1. Conclusions: Surgical resection according to oncological principles can be used with endoscopic technics that in fact are associate with less morbility, better vision, betercompartiments access, nasolacrimal system and medial canthal tendon, absence of facial scar, craniectomy and brain retraction.

Introducción: Las neoplasias malignas de la base craneal constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de lesiones con asiento común en esta localización. En los últimos años el abordaje endonasal endoscópico ha cobrado mayor auge. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de la base de datos del Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras" durante el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2009 y septiembre de 2015 con el objetivo de determinar los resultados del tratamiento endonasal endoscópico a estas lesiones. Resultados: Fueron tratados un total de 12 pacientes con lesiones malignas de la base craneal, 6 de la base craneal anterior dentro de los cuales 5 correspondieron a carcinomas (2 carcinomas indiferenciados, 2 carcinomas de células escamosas y 1 adenocarcinoma) y una metástasis de carcinoma renal. De los 6 de fosa posterior 3 presentaron cordomas y 3 lesiones hematopoyéticas (2 plasmocitomas y 1 linfoma). El promedio de edad fue de 51,1 años con una relación masculino-femenino de 1,1:1. Conclusiones: La resección quirúrgica acorde a los principios oncológicos se puede realizar utilizando las técnicas endoscópicas que incluso se asocian a menor morbilidad, mayor visión, mejor acceso a determinados compartimentos, preservación del sistema nasolacrimal, del tendón cantal medial, ausencia de cicatriz facial, de craneotomía y de retracción cerebral.

Resultados perinatales en el síndrome de transfusión feto fetal manejados con la técnica de Solomon: revisión de la literatura / Perinatal outcomes in fetal-fetal transfusion syndrome managed with the Solomon technique: literature review

INTRODUCCIÓN: Entre 15-20% de los embarazos gemelares monocoriales biamnióticos se complican con el síndrome de transfusión feto/fetal el cual se asocia con mortalidad superior a 90% y morbilidad significativa en el 50% del gemelo sobreviviente. La técnica láser que coagula la superficie de la placa coriónica entre los principales canales a lo largo del ecuador (técnica de Solomon), se ha sugerido para disminuir la recurrencia, prevenir complicaciones secundarias sin incrementar resultados adversos. Métodos: REVISIÓN de la literatura existente en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EBSCO, OVID, PROQUEST, COCHRANE, Lilacs, SciELO, desde el año 2000 al 2015. Se incluyeron los artículos de revisión e investigaciones originales que compararon la técnica estándar de fotocoagulación secuencial con láser y la técnica de Solomon, el resultado primario fue la reducción de la incidencia Secuencia Anemia Policitemia, recurrencia del síndrome de transfusión feto/fetal, mortalidad perinatal y morbilidad neonatal severa. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 200 artículos, se seleccionaron seis: 1 ensayo clínico y su análisis secundario, 2 estudios de cohorte retrospectivos, 1 revisión sistemática y un estudio que compara los resultados del neurodesarrollo. Los estudios sugieren una mejoría en la sobrevida de algunos de los fetos con la técnica Solomon, menor recurrencia del síndrome de transfusión feto/fetal y Secuencia Anemia Policitemia, sin la presencia de eventos adversos. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica de Solomon mejora la sobrevida de algunos gemelos, sin embargo no puede concluirse que haya mejoría en la mortalidad pues los estudios no tienen el suficiente poder para determinarlo.

INTRODUCTION: Between 15 to 20% of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies are complicated by the twin-twin transfusion syndrome. It has a mortality greater than 90% and a significant morbidity, 50% in the surviving twin. The Solomon technique (laser photocoagulation of the main vascular channels of the chorio-nic plate surface along the entire vascular equator) has been suggested to reduce the recurrence, and pre-vent secondary complications without increasing adverse results. METHODS: Systematic review of electronic searches of the literature from 2000 to 2015 (MEDLINE, EBSCO, OVID, PROQUEST, COCHRANE, Lilacs, and SciELO). We included review articles and original investigations comparing the standard photocoagulation technique with laser ablation against the Solomon technique. The primary results were reduction of Anemia Polycythemia Sequence incidence, twin-twin transfusion syndrome recurrence, perinatal mortality and severe neonatal morbidity. RESULTS: Of 200 articles, we selected six: one clinical essay and its secondary analysis, two retrospective cohort studies, one systematic review and a study comparing neurodeve-lopmental outcomes. The studies suggested a survival improvement in some fetuses using the Solomon technique, less twin-twin transfusion syndrome recurrence and Anemia Polycythemia Sequence without the presence of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Solomon technique improves the survival of some twins, although we cannot conclude there is mortality improvement, because the studies do not have enough power to determine that.

Aspectos motivacionales involucrados en el aprendizaje autodirigido en estudiantes de medicina. un enfoque cualitativo / Motivation and self-directed learning among medical students

Background: Motivation is an essential aspect in the training process of medical students. The association that motivation can have with learning self-regulation is of utmost importance for the design of curriculum, teaching methods and evaluation. Aim: To describe the motivational aspects of self-directed learning among medical students from a traditional Chilean University. Material and Methods: A qualitative, descriptive study based on grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin. Twenty 4th and 5th year medical students were selected using a maximum variation sampling technique. After obtaining an informed consent, semi-structured interviews and field notes were carried out. Data were analyzed to the level of open coding through Atlas-ti 7.5.2. Results: From the student point of view, personal motivational aspects are linked to the search for information, constant updating, the perception of the physician-patient relationship and interest in subject matters. From the scope of teachers, a main issue is related to their ability to motivate students to develop independent study skills. Conclusions: Personal motivational aspects facilitate the development of independent study skills, specifically in the search of information. The role of teachers is crucial in promoting these skills and the perception of medical students from their learning process.

Plasmocitoma solitario de la base craneal: Reporte de tres pacientes / Solitary cranial base plasmocytoma: Three cases report

Plasmocytomas constitute a group of malignant neoplasm arise from clonal plasmatic cells being solitary extramedular form infrequent. Here we report three patients with solitary anterior and middle cranial base plasmocytoma. The importance of these tumors in differential diagnoses of cranial base lesions and the role of endoscopic endonasal biopsy before deciding definitive clinical approach was emphasized.

Los plasmocitomas constituyen neoplasias malignas de las células plasmáticas clónales. La forma extramedular solitaria en la base craneal es infrecuente. Se reportan tres pacientes con plasmocitoma solitario de la base craneal anterior y media. Se enfatiza en la importancia de esta afección en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones de base de cráneo así como la biopsia endonasal endoscópica antes de decidir el tratamiento definitivo.

Repensando la selección de la carrera de Medicina desde los factores que inciden en la formación / Rethinking the selection of medical students, considering non-cognitive skills

In Chile the only requirement to study medicine is to obtain an academic achievement score over a certain cutoff value. However, the literature states that this type of selection is insufficient, since the medical profession requires cognitive and non-cognitive skills. These abilities are associated with better adaptation and academic success, as well as less dropping out. Therefore, those skills should be considered in the selection process to assure that the education goals are met. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature regarding the selection and evaluation criteria for students who are applying to medical schools. It was evident that Chilean medical schools need to establish appropriate criteria to ensure a more inclusive and fair admission. They need to design a system of admission with solid evidence of validity and reliability, complementary to the current form of student selection. This system should be considered common to all schools of medicine and, in turn, consider the sensibilities of the particular mission of each school, since academic, cognitive, inter- and intrapersonal aspects may vary among them.

Relación entre el bienestar y el rendimiento académico en alumnos de primer año de medicina / Academic achievement, engagement and burnout among first year medical students

Background: Stress may affect the sense of wellbeing and academic achievement of university students. Aim: To assess the relationship of academic engagement and burnout with academic achievement among first year medical students. Material and Methods: The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student and Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) were applied to 277 first year medical students of four universities. Their results were correlated with the grades obtained in the different courses. Results: Moderately high engagement and low burnout levels were detected. There was a high level of satisfaction with studies and a moderate exhaustion level. Academic achievement was associated with the degree of engagement with studies but not with burnout. Conglomerate analysis detected a group of students with high levels of wellbeing, characterized by high levels of academic engagement and low burnout. Other group had moderate levels of engagement and lack of personal fulfilment. Other group, identified as extenuated, had high levels of personal exhaustion and depersonalization. Finally the disassociated group had a low academic engagement, low emotional exhaustion, high levels of depersonalization and lack of personal fulfillment. Conclusions: Academic achievement is associated with the level of engagement with studies but not with burnout.

Estructura factorial de la escala DREEM en estudiantes de medicina chilenos

Background: The entry to a University requires an adaptation process that not all students solve with the same kind of success. Even though students social adaptation and emotional skills are essential, the educational environmental that they perceive has a significant influence in their academic life. Aim: To describe the changes in the perception about academic environment that medical students experience during the first three years of undergraduate career. Material and Methods: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) scale was applied to 525 first to third year medical students and an exploratory factorial analysis was made. Results: Four factors were identified: Academic Perception: academic quality that students attribute to the process in which they take part, as well as to the assessment that they do of their learning outcomes (coefficient ± = 0.85); Academic Experience: refers to positive emotions that students experience during the career such as confidence, pleasure and energy (coefficient ± = 0.76); Atmosphere Perception, comfort and calm that students experiment during their academic activities (coefficient ± = 0.79); Teachers Perception: the perception that students have of teachers about their interest and disposition towards students (coefficient ± = 0.50). Conclusions: The assessment of academic environment quality is inversely associated with the lapse that the students have spent in their undergraduate careers.

Aprendizaje autodirigido y su relación con estilos y estrategias de aprendizaje en estudiantes de medicina / Relationship between self-directed learning with learning styles and strategies in medical students

Background: Self-directed learning (SDL) skills are particularly important in medical education, considering that physicians should be able to regulate their own learning experiences. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between learning styles and strategies and self-directed learning in medical students. Material and Methods: One hundred ninety nine first year medical students (120 males) participated in the study. Preparation for Independent Learning (EPAI) scale was used to assess self-direction. Schmeck learning strategies scale and Honey and Alonso (CHAEA) scales were used to evaluate learning styles and strategies. Results: Theoretical learning style and deep processing learning strategy had positive correlations with self-direct learning. Conclusions: Medical students with theoretical styles and low retention of facts are those with greater ability to self-direct their learning. Further studies are required to determine the relationship between learning styles and strategies with SDL in medical students. The acquired knowledge will allow the adjustment of teaching strategies to encourage SDL.

Historia natural del carcinoma ductal invasivo frente a carcinoma lobulillar invasivo. Nuestra experiencia / Natural history of invasive ductal carcinoma versus invasive lobular carcinoma. Our experience

Introducción: La subclasificación histológica del cáncer de mama infiltrante, ya sea ductal (CDI) o lobulillar (CLI) se correlaciona aparentemente con una biología tumoral distinta. Los datos de nuestro análisis m ostraron que los carcinomas lobulillares invasivos son generalmente de tipo luminales, tienen mayor tamaño al momento del diagnóstico clínico y un superior índice de cirugías radicales. Siendo superior la tasa de recurrencia local. Tanto la supervivencia global como la libre de enfermedad no tuvieron diferencia significativa en ambos grupos. Conclusión: La clasificación histológica del cáncer invasivo de mama, ya sea ductal o lobulillar, no se correlaciona con la supervivencia de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, en nuestro trabajo encontramos diferencias en la recidiva local, no así a distancia, lo que podría deberse a un comportamiento biológico diferente.

Frecuencia de colonización por Estreptococo grupo B en embarazadas de 35 a 37 semanas en el Hospital Materno-Infantil San Pablo / Frequency of group B Streptococcus colonization in 35 to 37 weeks pregnant women in the San Pablo Maternal-Child Hospital

La colonización del Estreptococo grupo B en la embarazada está relacionada a patologías perinatales, constituyéndose en una causa muy importante de morbi-mortalidad neonatal. De manera a reducir dicha morbi-mortalidad, el Centro de Control y Prevención de Enfermedades Infecciosas de Estados Unidos desarrolló una estrategia que consiste en realizar el cultivo de muestra tanto vaginal como ano-rectal de todas las mujeres entre 35 y 37 semanas de gestación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de colonización por Estreptococo β hemolítico grupo B en mujeres gestantes entre las 35-37 semanas de embarazo que concurrieron al Hospital Materno-Infantil San Pablo, Centro de Salud Nº 5, desde abril del 2010 a agosto del 2011. Se realizó un estudio con diseño observacional descriptivo de corte transverso. Las muestras fueron tomadas mediante hisopado de introito vaginal y ano-rectal, colocadas en medio de transporte Stuart y remitidas al Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud para el cultivo en agar sangre, previo enriquecimiento en caldo Todd Hewitt. La identificación bacteriana se realizó mediante pruebas bioquímicas convencionales y la confirmación mediante aglutinación con látex. La frecuencia de colonización obtenida fue relativamente alta, de 23,6%. Los resultados de este estudio permiten dimensionar la problemática en nuestro país y evidenciar la necesidad de la implementación de un programa a nivel nacional para la detección del Estreptococo grupo B de forma rutinaria en las embarazadas. De esta manera, se podrá disminuir la morbi-mortalidad perinatal y materna con la administración oportuna del tratamiento profiláctico.